The compromise of 1850

The trade off of 1850 The trade off of 1850 was passed in 1850 and was an assortment of five bills. The trade off assisted with halting encounter between slave states in the South and Free States in the North that had gone on for a long time. The encounter was a consequence of difference over the status of domains that had been obtained during the Mexican-American war of 1846 to 1848.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The trade off of 1850 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The trade off was drafted by Henry Clay an individual from the Whig gathering and he handled it with the assistance of Stephen Douglas to maintain a strategic distance from common war and severance. The trade off of 1850 additionally dodged sectional clash between states for a long time (Miller Vandome, 2009). The trade off was adulated invited by the two sides however each had hesitations about explicit arrangements. Texas got obligation help and held control of El Paso as an end-result of it g iving up its case to New Mexico. California was additionally permitted to join the Union as a Free State and turned away it from being part at the Missouri Compromise Line (Rozwenc, 1957). For the South, Wilmot Proviso was stayed away from and as pay, the South was permitted to have slave states, which was to be controlled by well known Sovereignty in the new regions of Utah and New Mexico. The trade off additionally permitted slave proprietors to follow outlaw slaves even in states that were free. The fourth rule or the Fugitive Slave law required government legal authorities in both Free States and slave states to help with returning slaves who had gotten away (Henretta, Edwards Self, 2011). As indicated by Michael F. Holt, the trade off of 1850 was a figure of catastrophe instead of a powerful political activity. The trade off obliterated the Second American Party System and Michael expresses that, â€Å"men had put their reliability to their own gathering and annihilation of th e restricting party inside their own area in front of sectional dependability; neither the North nor the South could be joined into a phalanx against the other† (Michael, 1983 p.139). This went about as an impetus in tossing the nation into common war in 1861. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 made the domains of Kansas and Nebraska. The Act assisted with opening new terrains for settlement and canceled the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The demonstration was structured and handled by Stephen Douglas who was the representative for Illinois. He planned the demonstration to open a great many new homesteads and permit a cross-country railroad to be constructed. The issue of the Kansas-Nebraska act began when in the mainstream power was remembered for the demonstration. As per well known sway, voters in the locale were to choose whether they would permit subjugation in the domain or not. The consequence of this was a grisly thoughtful war among expert and abolition ist subjection activists (Franklin, 1956).Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many star subjugation pioneers from Missouri came to Kansas with the goal of casting a ballot in the polling forms. They shaped gatherings that were known as Blue Lodge who needed the region to permit slaves. Abolitionists from the East known as Jayhawkers moved into Kansas with the perspective on making the new region a Free State and this prompted bleeding showdowns with the Blue Lodges. Antagonistic vibe between the two groups and there were reports of terrorizing and polling form fixing from the two sides. The Kansas-Nebraska Act split the nation and this is the main driver of the 1861 common war. The Act conflicted with the prior Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850 and this goaded numerous residents. The disturbance that resulted offered ascend to the Republican Party after the Dem ocratic and Whig parties split. It likewise split the control into two significant political camps that is Northern part, which was thoughtful to Republican Party and the South, which identified with Democratic Party. In the long run the abolitionist subjugation state constitution was made and on January 29 1861, Kansas joined the Union as a Free State. It was not until the common finished did Nebraska join the Union as a Free State (Henretta, Edwards, Self, 2011). End Both the Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 fizzled and were incapable in making harmony in the nation. References Franklin, R. N. (1956). The Kansas-Nebraska act: an era of historiography. Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill. Henretta, An., Edwards, R., Self, O. (2011). Americas History. New York: Bedford Martins Michael, F. H. (1983). The Political Crisis of the 1850’s. New York:â W. W. Norton and CompanyAdvertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The trade off of 1850 explicitly for yo u for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F. (2009). Bargain of 1850. New York: Bedford Martins Rozwenc, E. C. (1957). The Compromise of 1850, Volume 27Problems in American human advancement. Boston: Heath.

Five Reasons Why Blogging Improves Your Writing

Five Reasons Why Blogging Improves Your Writing Five Reasons Why Blogging Improves Your Writing Five Reasons Why Blogging Improves Your Writing By Ali Hale Do you have your own blog? Assuming this is the case, do you some of the time feel remorseful about investing energy composing for your blog as opposed to chipping away at something which you consider more â€Å"worthwhile†? In the event that you don’t have a blog, have you at any point thought of beginning one? Maybe you’re uncertain about whether it would merit the speculation of your time and vitality. Here are five extraordinary ways that beginning your own blog, or keeping composing the one you as of now have, can improve your composition. 1. You’ll start composing routinely We’ve secured approaches to compose each prior day, and this truly is a decent propensity to build up in the event that you have genuine composing desire. Blog entries will in general be short and can be online when you’ve kept in touch with them: it’s a lot simpler to compose day by day on your blog than to continue stopping endlessly on stories and articles that probably won't be distributed for a considerable length of time, if by any stretch of the imagination. 2. Moment input tells you how you’re doing On the off chance that you are composing only for yourself, you don’t need input. The vast majority of us, however, feel that a bit of composing isn't finished until it has a peruser. (In reality, there is a school of basic hypothesis that demands a bit of composing just genuinely exists while it is being perused.) Probably the best thing about blogging is that in addition to the fact that publishing is moment, input is as well. When your piece is posted, perusers will begin including their remarks, messaging you, or in any event, connecting to it from their own websites. You’ll know when your composing is acceptable on the grounds that you’ll get positive reactions. Negative criticism, or none by any stretch of the imagination, will warn you that your style may require work, or that the substance of your piece might be exhausting, trite or over-done. 3. Having perusers for your work is a major inspiration Do you have days when you plunk down to compose †¦ and gaze at the screen for a very long time before surrendering in dissatisfaction? In some cases you just aren’t â€Å"in the mood† to compose. When you’re feeling inspired, however, the words come without any problem. Realizing that genuine individuals are perusing what you compose is a gigantic lift †something you can just acknowledge once you’ve experienced it. Indeed, even on days when you’re feeling not exactly propelled, the idea of your perusers can be sufficient to make you compose. 4. Your composing will improve The most ideal approach to show signs of improvement at anything is to rehearse. Composing habitually for your blog implies your composing will improve †both as you respond to input, and as you figure out how to make viable sentences and pick immaculate words. In the event that you as of now compose a blog, glance back at your most punctual posts. Do they cause you to wince, when contrasted with your composing now? 5. Web journals are a perfect mode for experimentation Here and there, you should evaluate another style or type of composing. Short sentences. (Without any action words.) Projectile pointed records An increasingly verbose, exquisite and ready style, utilizing the rhythms and rhythms of the English language to change a bit of composing into a show-stopper. Composing an entire story, article or even a book in another style could be a major hazard †imagine a scenario where it doesn’t work. A blog entry, then again, rushes to compose and allowed to distribute: in the event that it fizzles, you’ve not lost a lot. Blogging gives you the opportunity to explore, to evaluate something new. In the event that blogging’s made you a superior author, let us know how in the remarks underneath. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the General classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

NYC Apartment Hunting Tips COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

NYC Apartment Hunting Tips COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We like to plan early when we can, and this time it turns out that our scheduled Off-Campus Housing webinar was planned directly during a World Cup match. Actually, the webinar was right in the middle of Croatia vs England. We understand. This ones on us. But to our incoming students, dont worry â€" the webinar was recorded, and we’ll send an email out once it’s up on the Welcome Portal. View this post on Instagram SIPA: Where the World Connects (over the World Cup). Who are you rooting for tomorrow? ?????????????????? #sipalife #sipasummer #columbiasipa #worldcup2018 A post shared by Columbia | SIPA (@columbia.sipa) on Jul 10, 2018 at 1:21pm PDT Because apartment hunting in New York City is its own unique adventure, here are three insider tips for off-campus housing: If you find an apartment you like, be prepared to commit to it that day. Apartment-hunting is extremely competitive in the summer, so be ready to commit the day of. We know our students like to prepare early, but it’s almost impossible to secure an apartment until about 4-6 weeks before your actual move-in date. Never pay cash to secure an apartment. So you’re ready, you’ve got your documents, you’re ready to put down the deposit. Make sure you leave a paper trail! Most reputable brokers and landlords accept a certified check, and in rarer cases a credit card. Just make sure they issue you a receipt. Connecting with possible Columbia roommates. There are many, many resources for Columbia students and NYC folks in general looking for housing and roommates. A 5-year Columbia student lists a couple of Facebook groups to check out in this post, while a Texas transplant  lists some more resources here. And dont forget, Columbia also has its Off-Campus Housing Assistance (OCHA) website here. A reminder to those who want to learn more about policy school (and are ready for that NYC apartment hunt) we’ll be at Summerfest NYC and Summerfest D.C. on July 18th and 19th. These are free mini-graduate school fairs held with four other top policy schools. Come by, say hello, and get all the info you might need from our alumni and admissions staff.

Understanding Of The Social Work Profession - 988 Words

Personal Statement Understanding of the Social Work Profession For many, the primary mission of the profession of social work is enhancing the needs of those that are considered vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. My understanding of the social work profession is helping someone to make positive changes in his or her life that result in a better quality of life. This is also true when promoting the wellbeing of the community in a social context. As social workers it is easy to become prioritized with satisfying our livelihoods, by becoming professionalized (academically) and advocating for clients; this causes a disconnect from the struggles in our communities such as economic, racial, and gender-based injustices (Boland, 2014). This disconnect is developed when there is more professional focus on the injustices faced by the client, when in reality both the client and community are equally important to the profession and advocacy of social work. Understanding the social work profession, to me, means having the heart and mindset to advocate for those that society considers undeserving. This understanding also extends to the environment as a whole; social workers should work to change not only the person in his or her environment, but the environment itself, to correct social injustices (Boland, 2014). Professions dealing with the health and mental health of individuals have had a central focus on strengthening an individual (Gitterman, 2014). TheseShow MoreRelatedMy Understanding Of The Profession Of Social Work Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pages My understanding of the profession of social work is to enhance human well-being and to help meet the basic needs of all society, especially the needs of the most vulnerable, oppressed, and the needs of the people living in poverty. Social work leading duties are to promote social justice and social change on behalf of clients. In other words, social work profession, not only accommodate individual internal situations, as far as, client’s struggles, they also work with individual family toRead MoreMy Understanding Of The Social Work Profession Is To Help1662 Words   |  7 PagesMy understanding of the social work profession is to help communities, youth, families, groups and individuals who face inequality and hardships so that they can see the positive possibilities life has to offer. I faced similar hardships growing up therefore, I strive to empower people who need to have their voice heard and bring social justice to America. My dream is to make a difference by helping create a society that provides robust opportunities to anyone that may be disadvantaged. I would likeRead MorePersonal Reflection On The Social Work Profession847 Words   |  4 Pagespaper is a personal reflection on my understanding of the social work profession, as I get ready for my field placement. I will reflect on my ev olving sense of professional identity, and will discuss my growth in terms of self-awareness. I will further deliberate about my knowledge of the Social Work profession. My current understanding of the profession, and activities, tasks and roles that I may undertake in a placement situation The Social Work profession in Ontario is a complete, accredited programRead MoreThe Social Work Of Canada997 Words   |  4 Pages Social work is represented and recognized as a caring profession all over the world. Canada has a social work history which is same as Western social work. The Canadian social work profession has undergone too many changes to cope with the changing needs of the population. The social work domain welcomed new theories and approaches which shaped the modern social work profession as seen today. However, current social work practice needs a transformation in order to better address the diverse populationRead MoreMy Career As A Social Worker Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pages Social work has evolved over centuries and social work as a profession has gone through a constant change that even continues today. As I begin this journey into my career as a social worker I have to consider so many things; understanding the history of the social work profession and what it means to my career, understanding that social work is a profession and not just a discipline, why it is important that this ki nd of work be done by a professional, what organizations can help throughout myRead MoreUnderstanding Identity Construction, Hegemony, and Resistance806 Words   |  3 Pageshermeneutic-historical research interest of understanding social workers in order to have a better mutual understanding. The second goal was to elucidate hegemony, consent, resistance, and identity, and the theoretical triangle of hegemony-resistance-identity, in the field of outreaching social work in Hong Kong. It was expected that the clarification would reflect the development of social work profession in general and thus infer the future development of the profession. The third goal was to illustrateRead MoreSocial Work : An Empowering Profession1331 Words   |  6 PagesSocial work is a profession that is dedicated to helping individuals, families, groups, and communities to enhance their collective and individual well-being. The NASW Code of Ethics states, â€Å"The primary mission of the social work p rofession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty† (National Association of Social Workers, 2008). The concernRead MoreSelf Awareness And The Social Work1603 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-awareness and the use of self is a key component in social work practice. Depending upon how one integrates their personal being and accompanying thoughts, experiences, emotions, and consciousness into the helping profession has a profound impact on whether that integration is positive or negative, particularly when it comes to that of one’s relationships with their clients. While remaining impartial is often critical to effective social work practice, the complete separation of self from one’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Discrimination On The Workplace From Social Worker s Perspectives948 Words   |  4 Pageseffects of stigmat ization in the workplace from social worker’s perspectives, as they are the experts concerning this subject. This study will focus on the personal experiences of depressed social workers and will provide rich detailed research findings. A specific and personal study of worker’s experiences is necessary to highlight the effect that stigmatization has in the workplace, how stigmatization affects workers as well as their quality of work, and most importantly what barriers exist, asRead MoreIs Medicine A Life Changing Doctor?880 Words   |  4 Pagesand the world at large, I sought for a profession that is aimed towards my inner desire to best assist individuals in living comfortably, help individuals who are at risk and less capable of assisting themselves, to best reach this self actualization and fulfillment. In support my father got me my fist professional book â€Å"where there is no doctor†. With the high ranking of medicine and the value life showed to be, I believed medicine was that one profession that could save as well as impart individuals

Kids, Work and Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay

Kids, Work and Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay Vicious spirals and virtuous circles Circular cause results in exponential increases or decreases that are extremely hard to interrupt. The causes could be unrelated to one another, but all are about the result. These causes ought to be somewhat broad so you can elaborate on them in your essay. Cause and effect essay have a lot of sub-types. Vital Pieces of Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay A root causeis the simple reason something happens and can be rather distant from the original effect. To succeed, you have to know some critical elements to impress your class. There may be quite a few reasons why. 1 school of thought believes that children who aren't occupied are more inclined to get into trouble. From skiing in the mountains to surfing at the beaches, there's always some type of physical activity to engage during the majority of the year. It is a fact that smoking gives a sense of pleasure. Folks that have a smo king authority figure in their lives (for example, a parent) are much more likely to begin smoking later in life. Your analysis would go into further detail to supply the response to the question you are searching for. Data can illuminate, clarify, and empower, but nevertheless, it may also overwhelm, confound, and lead users down the incorrect path whenever they don't take some time to ask the proper questions. Expressed with respect to data standard deviations. What Is So Fascinating About Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay? Occasionally it can be very difficult to consider analysis essay topics, let alone compose the essay. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. This essay has a wonderful focus. Such essays might be actually quite simple to investigate and write. Thesis needs to be mentioned in various words and briefly explained. A list of topics for causal analysis essay is provided below for people who are assigned with these kinds of essays in College. An analytical essay has a broad array of scope and topics. Writing a causal analysis essay is little different from preparing a standard paper. It's possible for you to use that source in a few ways. To create the process easy, following are some suggestions to help you. Once you get your subject, you want to place your ideas in the appropriate format. There are lots of topics to choose at and dissect. The Supreme Approach for Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay Once you have selected the subject, you must make sure your causal analysis essay follows a specific pattern, like the thesis statement, introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Another aim of the analytical essay is to assess thinking and that which you would do in various conditions. Your essay should be written i n the third person viewpoint. An analytical essay isn't a summary! Such an essay ought to have a suitable linkage which connects the body paragraphs. A cause and effect essay is comparable in structure to the majority of other essays, as it requires an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. When you make a causal argument essay you pick a topic which often begins with the word why. The truth is many a causal argument essay that doesn't produce a definitive answer can still obtain a fantastic evaluation. The raw dictionary simply increases the confusion. Take your time to thoroughly examine our cause and effect topics list till you locate a prompt that you're excited to write about. Truth and meaning in 1 domain don't necessarily indicate the exact same thing in various domains. The Fundamentals of Topics for a Causal Analysis Essay Revealed Kibin editors are content to help review your paper. The list below should help you become motivated and begin your writing at the same time. It is an impossible task to think of a good, impressive introduction before you know the remainder of the paper's content. Writing an excellent essay needs a very good comprehension of the appropriate techniques involved and for many men and women, knowing and understanding these techniques makes the entire process one that would benefit from another person doing the job. This sort of paper might cover the argument that fracking was practiced safely for decades. Such a paper intends to describe an issue and explain the principal component that has caused it.

Differences and similarities between financial and management accounting Free Essays

Introduction In this essay I will be talking about the differences and similarities between financial and management accounting and how they are used to communicate a business’s financial information to shareholders and managers. In business there are various areas marketing, economics, accounting and finance among these accounting is one of the most difficult ones as it requires you to analyse and report a business’s financial transactions thought periods of time. Accounting divides into various areas but the areas I will mainly be looking at are financial and management accounting. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences and similarities between financial and management accounting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Financial Accounting Financial accounting is about with the preparation of financial statements for the use of the stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies and the owners of the business enterprise. It is intended to aid in the reduction of problems that may arise in the day to day transactions of the business. It publishes an annual report that summarizes an organizations financial data that are taken from their records. It is governed by local and international accounting standards. Its main purpose is to produce financial statements, provide information that can be used in the decision making and planning and to help an organization meet regulatory requirements. It is a legal requirement of all publicly traded organization. Management Accounting Management accounting is concerned in providing basis for decision making and use of information by managers within an organization. It helps identify, measure, accumulate, analyze and interpret information to be used in planning, evaluation and control to ensure the proper use of organizations resources. It also provides financial reports to shareholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and tax agencies. Management accounting involves sales forecasting reports, budget and comparative analysis, feasibility studies and merger or consolidation reports. It is intended to provide information that is more a forecast than a background, to managers within the organization, is confidential and is computed by using information systems rather than general financial accounting standards. It is used in strategic, performance and risk management. Management accounting has the following concepts: . Cost accounting which is a central element is managerial accounting. (GPK) which a German costing method that gives ways on how to calculate costs that are assigned to a product or service. . Lean accounting is used for a lean enterprise. . (RCA) gives managers the information required to support an organizations growth. . Throughput accounting which recognizes modern production processes need for each other. . Transfer pricing which is used in manufacturing and banking. 1. Financial accounting is legally required from an organization, while management accounting is not. 2. Financial accounting must be reviewed by a separate accounting firm, while management accounting is not required of this. 3. Financial accounting is concerned about how the financial resources of the organization will affect its performance, while management accounting is concerned in how the reports will affect the behaviour and performance of its employees. 4. Financial accounting is governed by both local and international accounting standards, while management accounting is not. 5. Financial accounting is historical in nature, that is, the reports are based on an organizations previous performance and dealings, while management accounting is a forecast Bibliography Read more: Difference Between Financial Accounting and Management Accounting | Difference Between | Financial Accounting vs Management Accounting http://www.differencebetween.net/business/accounting-business/difference-between-financial-accounting-and-management-accounting/#ixz How to cite Differences and similarities between financial and management accounting, Essay examples

Philippine Territory Island free essay sample

Under a treaty entered into with the sultans of Sulu and Maguindanao in 1640, the Spaniards recognized the independence of the two sultanates. Thus, the Sulu sultan later became the sovereign ruler of Sabah. The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Since 1985 Brunei has claimed a continental shelf that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim to the reef. Brunei claims an exclusive economic zone over this area. Administratively, the Calayan island was part of the Batanes group of islands. From 1902, Calayan was brought under Cagayan Province. However, this change of administrative control resulted in isolation of the islanders as transport communications were lacking. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Territory Island or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1916, Fray Andres Sanchez and Fray Geronimo Morer, Dominican Fathers, visited this island and gave the island its name. What This treaty constitutes the main basis of the territorial dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia over Sabah. The Philippines claims that the term pajak means lease while Malaysia claims that it means cession. â€Å"Lease† means a contract by which a rightful possessor of real property conveys the right to use and occupy the property for consideration, usually rent. â€Å"Cession† means the relinquishment or transfer of land from one state to another. all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China (including Taiwan) and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines; despite no public territorial claim to Louisa Reef, Brunei implicitly lays claim by including it within the natural prolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabed median with Vietnam; claimants in  November 2002 signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding code of conduct; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands In 1940, during World War II, American Forces, who came by the USS Princeton, occupied the island. This was welcomed by the people of Calayan as it ushered prosperity to the island as well as provision of medicine, clothing and other items of utility. Schools were established by the American forces and they also functioned as teachers with English as the medium of instruction. They also introduced adult educationprogrammes. In return, the Calayanos offered gifts to the soldiers such as ancient jars, sea shells and handicrafts. When In 1881, the syndicate represented by Overbeck and Dent was chartered as British North Borneo Co. (BNBC). In 1898, under the Treaty of Paris, Spain sold the Philippines to the United States. The treaty boundaries allegedly did not include Sabah. During World War II, the Japanese occupied Brunei. After the war, in 1946, the British Crown granted Brunei the status of crown colony. In 1963, Sabah joined Malaysia. In 2002, China and the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea that aimed â€Å"to resolve their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned† (ASEAN 2002). This has created a tense stalemate that can change at any time. Tensions increased when the Sulu Sultanate from the Philippines attacked North Borneo in early March 2013. North Borneo is part of Sabah, a member state of Malaysia that has claimed the Spratly Islands. On 8 December 1941, the Calayan group of islands became occupied by Japanese Imperial Forces. During the early liberation period in 1944, the American Forces seized the Japanese garrison, and moved the Japanese prisoners to concentration camps in Luzon. Where It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of North  Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, formerly known as Jesselton. Sabah is often referredto as The Land Below The Wind, a phrase used by seafarers in the past to describe lands south of the typhoon belt. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia (Sabah), and southernVietnam. They contain less than 4 square kilometers (1. 5 square miles) of land area spread over more than 425,000 square kilometers (164,100 square miles) of sea. The Spratlys are one of 3 archipelagos of the South China Sea which comprise more than 30,000 islands and reefs and which complicate governance and economics in that region of Southeast Asia. Calayan Island is located about 24 miles (39 km) west-southwest of Babuyan Island off the north coast of the Philippines and belongs to the Babuyan Islands group in the China Sea. The island is hemmed between Aparri and Batanes islands and it is larger than the Fuga Island, which is 25 miles (40 km) away. It is the second district in the province of Cagayan and its 29th municipality. How In 1878, the Sulu sultan entered into a deed of pajak with Austrian Gustavus Baron de Overbeck and Englishman Alfred Dent, who were representatives of a British company. The deed was written in Arabic. In 1946, professor Harold Conklin translated the term pajak as â€Å"lease. † The 1878 Deed provided for an annual rental. States staking claims to various islands are: Brunei, China (Peoples Republic of China), Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan (Republic of China), andVietnam. All except Brunei occupy some of the islands. The Spratly Islands are important for a number of reasons: the Spratly area holds significant reserves of oil and natural gas, it is a productive area for world fishing and commercial shipping, and coastal countries would get an extended continental shelf. But only some states, such as China (PRC), Taiwan (ROC), and Vietnam have made claims based on historical sovereignty of the islands. The Japanese Imperial Forces invaded the Calayan group in December 8, 1941. According to some Calayanos, the Japanese soldiers practically despoiled the islands of the improvements achieved during the American regime. However, the American Forces easily subdued the Japanese garrison during the early liberation period in 1944 and brought the Japanese prisoners to concentration camps in Luzon. II. Basis of Phil. Claim/Ownership The Philippine claim is based on the argument that the 1878 Deed or pajak was a treaty of lease. In 1950, Congress adopted a â€Å"concurrent resolution expressing the sense of the Philippines that North Borneo belongs to the heirs of the sultan of Sulu and the ultimate sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines, and authorizing the President to conduct negotiations for the restoration of such ownership and sovereign jurisdiction over said territory. † In 1961, President Diosdado Macapagal filed the Philippine claim to Sabah. The next year, in the UN General Assembly, the Philippine Vice President appealed for help in promoting a peaceful resolution to the Sabah issue. The Philippines however, claims it as its territory under UNCLOS. An agreement in which all competing countries have ratified. The Philippines base their claims of sovereignty over the Spratlys on the issues of Res nullius and geography. The Philippines contend their claim wasRes nullius as there was no effective sovereignty over the islands until the 1930s when France and then Japan acquired the island s. When Japan renounced their sovereignty over the islands according to the San Francisco Treaty, there was a relinquishment of the right to the islands without any special beneficiary. Therefore, argue the Philippines, the islands became Res nullius and available for annexation. Heir’s declaration In 1962, the heirs of the Sulu sultan issued a declaration, titled â€Å"Recognition and authority in favor of the Republic of the Philippines,† which ceded and transferred sovereignty over Sabah to the Philippines. The Republic of the Philippines accepted the cession of sovereignty made by the Sulu sultan. In that same year, Congress reiterated its 1950 resolution. The Sulu sultan’s heirs later met with President Corazon Aquino, who advised them to organize themselves. She wrote the Malaysian prime minister asking him to increase the lease payment. However, Malaysia contended that in 1989, the Sulu sultan’s heirs had revoked their authorization issued to the Philippine government as their representative. In 2001, another heir sent another demand letter for an increase in lease payments. The Philippine’s claim is based mainly on Article 76 of the UNCLOS as it provides the framework for establishing the rights granted in Article 77 to littoral states affected by the controversy. UNCLOS compartmentalized the ‘common heritage of man’ into various maritime zones consisting of the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and the high seas. Due to the highly technical nature of the provisions of UNCLOS, the paper will focus on the legal regime of the extended continental shelf and will briefly discuss the other maritime zone regimes to the extent necessary in understanding the application of Article 76 of UNCLOS. Furthermore, while most literature on the subject matter of the Spratly conflict advocates diplomatic solutions to be adopted by the littoral states, the paper will limit its discussions to the legality of the Philippines claim. While a diplomatic approach to a geopolitical conflict may ultimately be resorted to, the interests of the Philippines will be best served by making its legal position the bedrock for any diplomatic solution or future international arbitration.